International society of blood transfusion has recently recognized 33 blood group systems. Pdf the evolution of human blood groups, without doubt, has a history as old as man himself. The evolution of human blood groups, without doubt, has a history as old as man himself. The rh blood group system, isbt number 004symbol rhcd number cd240dcd240ce is complex and contains many antigens that are highly immunogenic.
These antigens are the third most potent, after those of the abo and rh blood groups, at triggering an immune reaction. Type o is the universal donor, since it does not have antigens proteins on the surface of the rbcs type ab is the universal recipient, since it does not have agglutinins antibody in its plasma. Answers to commonly asked questions about blood and blood banking pdf. Landsteiner considered that the blood groups were defined by the antibodies present in the serum but the fact that the cellular antigens were the determining.
Four structurally different types of cr1 have been identified ranging from 190kda to 280kda. Therefore, there are three allelomorphic genes which make up the abo blood group system such as gene a, gene b, and gene o. System name system symbol gene names chromosomal location cd numbers 021 cromer crom cd55 1q32. In human blood transfusions it is the most important of the 36 different blood type or group classification systems currently recognized. The abo and rhesus rh blood groups are considered much significant concerning blood transfusion. Every blood group system has gene or genes differ than the other systems. Prior to the discovery of blood groups, blood transfusions were often deadly. Blood groups kell group qun lu, md assistant professor. The colton system contains a single polymorphism, with relatively high and low incidence alleles represented by co a co1 and co b co2, respectively ala45val. The rh blood group is considered to be one of the more complex types of blood groups in humans and it is secondary to the abo blood group in transfusion medicine.
Rh blood group is assigned the prefix 004 each antigen assigned to the rh blood group is given a unique number to complete the six digit number. History of blood transfusions 1628 to now red cross. A distinct, but related antigen, p, which belongs to the globoside glob system, is defined by activity of the b3galt3 gene on chromosome 3q25. Karl landsteiner discovered the abo blood group in 1900 when he separated cellular and liquid components from both his and his colleagues blood mixed in combination. B3galt3 synthesizes the p antigen from the pk antigen.
Mns p familial blood group system found in few families kell. Discovery of abo blood group system all you need to. One end of a glycophorin is attached to the underlying cell, and the other end bears the sugars and determines a persons mns blood type. The kell blood group blood groups and red cell antigens. History of kidd blood group system jka was discovered in 1951 by allen. Blood group kell system an overview sciencedirect topics. Based on the type of antigen carried by the red cells, every person has a blood group. Abo was the first blood group system discovered, by landsteiner at the beginning of the 20th century landsteiner, 1900. Earn ce for your laboratory continuing education requirements.
Learn blood group systems with free interactive flashcards. Austrian scientist, karl landsteiner, who found three different blood types a, b and o in 1900 from serological. Note that h antigen is in a separate system, h blood group system 018, and is not part of the abo system. Class notes i and p blood group systems i blood group system ii antigens. The abo blood group system consists of 4 types of blood group a, b, ab, and o and is mainly based on the antigens and antibodies on red blood cells and in the plasma. The rh blood group system connie westhoff t he rh blood group system is one of the most polymorphic and antigenic blood group systems. Copy of document 75 who emro world health organization. Topics include blood banks, rh antigens, compatibil. Archeological ruins from the beginnings of civilization have been unearthed, and there have been occasional discoveries of a more prehistoric nature, but not much else. During the blood transfusion, the two most important group systems examined are the abo system and the rhesus system. Biological and clinical aspects of abo blood group system.
If so, share your ppt presentation slides online with. Objective after reading this lesson, you will be able to. Department of haematology, imperial college school of medicine, hammersmith hospital, london, uk. The kell blood group system contains over 34 antigens, but the major antigens are k or k 1, often referred to as kell but that is the name of the entire system, and k or k 2. Pdf a brief history of human blood groups researchgate. Other blood group system is the property of its rightful owner. There is a vast span of human existence of which little is known. View enhanced pdf access article on wiley online library html view download pdf for offline viewing. Colton blood group system human blood groups wiley.
Journal of blood group serology and education volume 26, number 1, 2010 contents letter to the readers g. Unique, in that it is the only system that is not manufactured by rbc, but is adsorbed onto the membrane from plasma. The abo blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the a and b antigens on erythrocytes. In the past decade, intense investigation has yielded considerable knowledge of the molecular background of this system.
It is second only to abo in importance in blood transfusion and is well known as a primary cause of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn hdfn. There are at least three hypotheses about the emergence and mutation of human blood groups. Redefining the identification of knops blood group. Blood groups and the history of peoples in the complete blood type encyclopedia. Terminology for blood group antigens and geneshistorical origins and guidelines in the new millennium. The kell protein is a singlepass glycoprotein that is a zinc endopeptidase whose biological function is not yet clearly understood. It was first discovered in 1939 but confirmed in 1940 in a series of experiments performed by landsteiner and weiner in which they evaluated the immunologic response of rabbits. The abo system is one of the most important blood group systems in the safe practice of blood transfusion.
Abo blood group system, the classification of human blood based on the inherited properties of red blood cells erythrocytes as determined by the presence or absence of the antigens a and b, which are carried on the surface of the red cells. Blood groups and the history of peoples blood type diet. Persons may thus have type a, type b, type o, or type ab blood. Global distribution pattern of blood groups depends on various environmental.
Journal of blood group serology and education celeb5rating 2. Yt blood group system, classification of human blood based on the presence of molecules known as yt antigens on the surface of red blood cells. The mystery of human blood types the abo blood group evolved at least 20 million years ago, but scientists still dont understand the purpose of blood types. The antigens m and n are codominant alleles that are closely linked to the s and s antigens, which are also codominant. O group is the most frequent in abo blood group system followed by a blood group. The rh blood group system is discovered by karl landsteiner, alexander wiener, philip levine and r. Kidd had hemolytic disease of newborn hdn in her son. Apart from abo and rhesus system, many other types of antigens. Class notes other blood group systems mns system antigens and their inheritance. Abo system blood group antigen agglutinogens antibody agglutinin a a b b b a ab ab o ab powerpoint presentation. The number of antigens per blood group system, collection, and series varies tremendously from 1 in the p system to more than 30 in the rh and mns systems. The mystery of human blood types science smithsonian. Collections a blood group system consists of one or more antigens, controlled by a single gene kell or by two rh or three mns very closely linked homologous genes. Abo blood group system, classification of human blood as determined by the presence or absence of a and b.
The kell blood group system is complex and contains many antigens that are highly immunogenic. Only one of these alleles can occupy the special place or locus along the chromosomes for this blood group characteristic. The abo blood group system consists of 4 types of blood group a, b, ab, and o and is mainly based on the antigens and antibodies on. History karl landsteiner discovered the abo blood group system in 1901 he and his five coworkers began mixing each others red cells and serum together and inadvertently performed the first forward and reverse abo groupings.
Abo and rhesus d blood group distribution among blood donors. Physicians attempted the use of milk and animal blood as an alternative to human blood, but met with limited success. The i antigen is found on almost all adults and is part of the precursor component of the oligosaccharide that forms the a, b, and h antigens. Landsteiners rule if an antigen ag is present on a patients red blood cells the corresponding. Global distribution pattern of blood groups depends on various environmental factors, such as disease, climate, altitude, humidity etc. The mns blood group blood groups and red cell antigens. Table of blood group systems international society of. In this content, the principle, history, method and facts of abo blood group system is explained. Introduction to the abo blood group system medialab, inc. What are blood group systems currently there are 345 blood group antigens. Blood typing, blood groups around the world, and the genetics of blood types are. The knops blood group system is localized to the transmembrane protein complement receptor 1 cr1cd35, whose main function is the regulation of the complement system through the binding of complement components 3b and 4b in immune complexes.
The antigens of the mns blood group are carried on sugarbearing proteins called glycophorins. Rh blood group system an overview sciencedirect topics. The blood group antigen factsbook winner of a 20 highly commended bma medical book award for internal medicine has been an essential resource in the hematology, transfusion and immunogenetics fields since its first publication in the late 1990s. Pdf international society of blood transfusion has recently recognized 33 blood group systems. The third edition of the blood group antigen factsbook has been completely revised, updated and expanded to cover all 33. During the blood transfusion, the two most important group systems examined are the abosystem and the rhesus system.
The rh blood group system is one of the most polymorphic and immunogenic systems known in humans. Choose from 500 different sets of blood group systems flashcards on quizlet. The term human blood group systems is defined by international society of blood transfusion as systems in the human species where cellsurface antigensin particular, those on blood cellsare controlled at a single gene locus or by two or more very closely linked homologous genes with little or no observable recombination between them. Blood grouping test is very important for every individual to help know his blood group and rhtype, some of the combinations of blood group types that are compatible, the blood type of a person can be determined in a few minutes. Mnss and p are two more blood group antigen systems just as abo is one system and rh is another. The occurrence of natural antibody permitted identification of red cell types by agglutination of red cells when mixed with serum from some but not all other persons. The yt antigens, yta and ytb, were discovered in 1956 and 1964, respectively. E antigen 004003 advantage over rosenfield is that it is a purely numeric system, which is easier for data processing. Hematology and blood bank technique module abo blood grouping hematology and blood bank technique 48 notes 7 abo blood grouping 7. Blood typing, blood groups around the world, and the genetics of blood types are discussed in this article. Moulds case report role for serial prenatal antivel quantitative serologic monitoring with 2me serum treatment w. A third antigen, co3, is present on all cells save those of the null phenotype, coab.